Frederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis - 930 Words

Well known slave author and orator, Frederick Douglass, in his narrative, â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† alters the way people view slavery. Douglass’s purpose is to convince the audience that slavery should be abolished. He creates a haunting tone in order to persuade the readers that slavery is wrong. He uses many real life accounts of horrifying instances of beatings, murders and torture to prove that slavery is unjust. Douglass illustrates many emotions in his book, the most being anger and sympathy. â€Å"The children unable to work in the field had neither shoes, stockings, jackets, nor trousers, given to them; their clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts given per year. When these failed†¦show more content†¦William Lloyd Garrison, the author of the preface, brings up a very interesting story while trying to prove Douglass’s credibility. A white slave is a sure thing to keep anyone reading a book , because it is such an uncommon idea. A sailor who is sold into slavery comes back, and he can no longer speak english! His mental deterioration is so terrible, that the language he grew up speaking is foreign to him (Garrison 7). This little story plays to the audience because the slave they are talking about here is white and they can relate to him. It gives them more of a reason to feel bad about slavery, by showing that these horrible acts can happen to anyone, regardless of their skin color. When thinking about people in powerful positions, you often think about the people who were overrun with their power and were awful leaders. People who own slaves are kind of the same way. For example, in the narrative, Douglass mentions one of his mistresses, Mrs. Auld. When he meets her, its nothing but positive and happy things. She gets caught teaching him how to read and then she does a complete 180 and becomes meaner than her husband. This is a perfect example of someone having too m uch power for them to handle. On page 68, Douglass references the bible quote Luke 12:47. â€Å"The master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him, and at an hour of which he is unaware. Then he will cut him to pieces and assign him a place withShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis905 Words   |  4 PagesNoted abolitionist Frederick Douglass, in his self titled slave narrative addresses the indescribable sadness that the slaves were experiencing, which they portrayed through song. He intensely describes the emotions that he hears within the songs of the slaves. In the passage Douglass shows how the slaves believe that they feel, versus how they really feel, and he does this this by changing the tone throughout the passage. He uses these tones to make the reader fully feel the helplessness that theRead MoreFrederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis885 Words   |  4 Pages In the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† it sho ws all 3 rhetorical appeals (Ethos, Pathos, Logos) which are found in all forms of writing, speeches, movies, television shows, and life within itself. Frederick Douglass used all three of these rhetoric in the narrative to tell about both his life as an American slave and his cause over ten decades ago. He uses these devices to identify himself to the readers, to bring emotion out of the readers, and to persuade the readers. Read MoreFrederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis968 Words   |  4 Pagesorganized conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe†- Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass is a remarkable figure when it comes to describe and expose the outcome of the oppression in the black race since memorable times seen and experienced through the centuries expressed in slavery, racism and mistreat. In â€Å"The Meaning of Fourth of July for the Negro†, Douglass states the values of not only a race but a human being in his speech, by allowing himself to representRead MoreFrederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis853 Words   |  4 Pagesof the ever-present mistreatment, corruption in positions of authority, and the dehumanization of minorities. The poor treatment of women and people of color is a main reason why these past issues are still present in the United States today. In Frederick Douglass’s speech given on July 5, 1852, he expresses his opinions of America’s Independence Day and how colored people have suffered only to remain captive and abused, not sharing in this independence with the rest of the country. He displays logosRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass866 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass was an abolitionist, a human rights activist, and a former slave with a lot to say. July 4, 1852, a man was asked to speak at a Declaration signing commemoration event. This man, an African- American former slave steps up on stage and delivers a speech of the century, informing the white crowd of the slaves perspective on the celebration of freedom. In the speech, Douglass claims that the Fourth of July is a day of mourning for current and former slaves instead of the celebrationRead More Frederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis1793 Words   |  8 Pages In his memoir, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Frederick Douglass argues for the abolition of slavery by reminiscing on his life as a slave. He draws attention to the cruelties he and other slaves endure and compares it to the white masters’ humanity. To do so, Douglass also uses the irony of relationships and family in white masters but lack of recognition of such in the slaves. Furthermore, Douglass uses the irony of the use of religion in order to excuse slaveryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass Speech838 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass was a freed slave in the 1800’s who was famous for his ability to read and write, uncommon of a black man at the time. On July 4th, 1852, he gave a speech to citizens of the United States. In this speech, he called out the â€Å"hypocrisy of the nation†(Douglass), questioning the nations treatment of slav es on a supposed day of independence. Frederick Douglass effectively uses rhetorical strategies to construct his argument and expose the hypocrisy of the nation. One of the rhetoricalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass Use Of Diction990 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass’ use of Diction Frederick Douglass was a great author who used a variety of literary devices to contribute to his overall writing. One of his main literary elements that he uses is diction. What is diction? According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary diction is the way in which words are used in speech or writing. Douglass’ use of diction helps emphasize key point about slavery that writes about. Also, diction helps to convey the message that Douglass is writing about. DouglassRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis1050 Words   |  5 Pagesand hardship. But some, like the slave and later abolitionist Frederick Douglass, rose up from the tribulations of slavery and led the way for progress and change in America. In his autobiography â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, Douglass tells his inspiring yet harrowing story of his life as a slave in Maryland and his escape to freedom in New York and later Massachusetts, where he eventuall y became an abolitionist. Douglass masterfully uses ethos, pathos, and logos to craft his powerfulRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s Romeo And Juliet 1386 Words   |  6 PagesPathos et Logos Frederick Douglass uses both pathos and logos in his Narrative to push his argument against slavery by appealing to the audience’s idea of virtue and stating the harsh facts of the abuse. Douglass knows his audience well, and uses their intense feelings on Christianity to bolster his argument. His ethos is set up on the first page, as he is one that was directly abused through the process of slavery. Douglass uses the rest of the book to instill in the reader through his expert use

Essay Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders - 1586 Words

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have faced disadvantages in various areas, particularly housing. The disadvantages these people face now are the result of policies introduced by the European settlers, then the government. The policies introduced were protection, assimilation, integration and self-determination. It is hard to understand the housing disadvantages faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people if their history is not known. In 1788 when the European settlers â€Å"colonised† Australia, the Australian land was known as â€Å"terra nullius† which means â€Å"land belonging to no-one†. This decision set the stage for the problems and†¦show more content†¦The police could also expel ‘trouble makers’ from reserves. The policy of Assimilation/Integration was in force from the 1930’s to the early 1960’s. The Assimilation policy was aimed to make the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more ‘civilized’ and ‘westernised’. It was hoped by the State Governments and Federal Government that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identity would be destroyed and lost forever. The â€Å"Stolen Generation† was caused by the Assimilation policy. Children under fourteen years old were taken away from their parents and placed in â€Å"training homes† such as the â€Å"Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls†. It was easy for the governments to defend their decision to remove Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children due to the destitute conditions of the reserves. In 1939 the â€Å"Exemption Certificate† was introduced. This certificate gave Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people the opportunity to become ‘normal’ people if they follow government orders. The orders included the people were not allowed to live on the reserves, therefore not allowed to be with their families, and not allowed to socialize with non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. This leaves the exempted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders lonely and without any proper life. The exempted Aboriginal and TorresShow MoreRelatedAboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders1514 Words   |  7 Pagesused to describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are the original land owners of Australia, having lived here for more than 40,000. They were free to practice a different way of life and culture before European settlement in the late 1700s. Aboriginal people originally inhabited mainland Australia and the offshore islands, and Torres Strait Islanders came from the islands of the Torres Strait, between the tipRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders1290 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: In the early 19th century, Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders were afforded no rights or freedom due to their culture and race. If you were to be born an Aboriginal, by law you couldn’t eat in restaurants, marry without permission, swim in public pools, enter pubs or even have the right to vote (ref). Eventually the government recognised the demands of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders for equality and social justice and acknowledged their right to make decisions about mattersRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Peoples1456 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are the oldest surviving culture in the world. They have occupied Australia for at least 65,000 years. Their cultures are complex and diverse. †¢ The reason Aboriginal cultures have survived for so long is their ability to adapt and change over time. †¢ It was this affinity with their surroundings that goes a long way to explaining how Aboriginal people survived for so many millennia. †¢ In Australia, Indigenous communities keep their cultural heritageRead MoreThe Diversity Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander2538 Words   |  11 PagesThe communities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are rich, strong and diverse. The identity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is central to this priority and is intrinsically linked to deep knowledge traditions, living, learning communities and holistic world view. Within the Australian curriculum, a conceptual framework based on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ unique sense of identity has been developed as a structural tool for embedding their culture and historiesRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pages Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are a distinct traditional cultural group of the Australian population. The historical wealth of the importance of contribution to country by the Indigenous people of this nation is truly significant. At the Indigenous Future-Venture Research Institution (IFVRI) we place at the forefront of our mission, the aim to develop and implement, through the in-depth research and analysis of data, new material for awareness platforms and information that will primarilyRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander History1749 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history, language and culture are part of who we are as Australians. It is important for me as a pre-service teacher to be aware of how my personal background, experiences and ideas about identity will influence my teaching philosophy to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. My ability to understand the cultural identities of all students in my class is necessary for addressing their individual needs. We all bring our own perspectives and waysRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Peoples975 Words   |  4 Pages A third consideration in regard with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is the meaning of sovereignty. The discourse on sovereignty is obscure and non-reflexive. It situates itself somewhere between moral axiology, social ideology and political and legal authority. The link between sovereignty and politics within the public discourse often mask oppressive power relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people (Prokhovnik, 2015). Furthermore, the mainstream political discourseRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Legal Service1968 Words   |  8 PagesABORIGINAL TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER LEGAL SERVICE (QLD) LTD Student Name Student Number BUS101 Alphacrucis College Date Due: Day Month 2016 Submitted: Day Month 2016 Word Count: Declaration of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diplomaRead MoreAboriginal Of Australia And Torre Strait Islanders2079 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In this essay Indigenous people will describe Aboriginals of Australia and Torre Strait Islanders. During the early years when just Indigenous Australians lived on Australia land there health was quite healthy and they were quite happy. Then Europeans took over the land of Australia and forced them to assimilate. This all started in the early 1900’s. Till this day it has affected Indigenous people. It has affected their physical health, mental health, and identity. As a nurseRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders Civil Rights1392 Words   |  6 PagesFaith Bandler was one of the most prominent figures promoting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders civil rights in Australia, and played a significant role in the success of the 1967 referendum. Bandler’s background and early life significantly influenced her later activism, causing her to question injustices against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Bandler spent most of her adult life promoting th e cause of ATSI civil rights and racial equality, and was involved in a number of key events

Idea of Multinational Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Idea of Multinational Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Globalization might be perceived as a simple term but its definition is rather complex. In this era, we can easily communicate and share cultures through travelling, trading and transportation. Hence, these events effectively explain globalization where if something happens in an area it could have an effect worldwide. Based on the above explanation globalization is the transformed way in which countries interact. Therefore, for globalization production of consumption it refers to the integrated economies where goods and capital flow across borders for consumption. Hence, this means that a fall in trade barrier in one state tends to increase trade between producers and consumers in another country. In this globalization era, firms are able to expand their operations globally, while they maintain their stage of production in the country where it could be executed in a least cost, transmit their ideas widely and the new ways of developing their products around the world. We could conclude that the idea of globalization production of consumption tends to transform economies, politics and social issue. As a results, there is transformation in states power and the states context of operation which production for consumption purposes. Explanation of Race to the Bottom Based on Oatley discussion race to the bottom is a situation whereby firms and countries tend to compete with each other by lowering wages and the living standards of workers. This tends to develop a situation whereby production of goods shift to a place where wages are low and workers rights are minimal. If we could create an analysis of Oatley debate the race to bottom analysis arises from globalization and entry of developing state in the global market. Hence, this new entry into the international trade and investment turns to lowest cost country easy when they become integrated into the worlds economy. To attract investments countries tend to open their markets but as a result of international competition labor tends to be relaxed, tax regulation are also enhanced and detriment of social policies is also experienced, which results to race to the bottom. The issue of race to the bottom is similarly experienced in organizations. Oatley has provided that changes in regulations tend to challenge MNCs production cost. Hence, it is rather expensive for a firm to treat chemical waste before disposal. But, as a result of the high cost of chemicals used in treating the water organizations tend to seek for alternatives. To avoid all these emerging challenges an MNC could establish its business in a country where regulatory standards are less costly. The idea of multinational organizations shifting to the less stringent standards countries tends to pressure the lax regulatory standard states to loosen their regulation to maintain MNC back home. For countries who refuse to loosen their regulation they tend to suffer less investment which has negative consequences. Hence, this tends to be a threat to most governments which creates the need of them responding to the issue of race to the bottom.

MacBeth - Attitude Changes Essays (1215 words) -

MacBeth - Attitude Changes MacBeth - Attitude Changes In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. Because of his change of character from good to evil, Macbeth's attitude towards other characters, specifically Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macbeth, and the witches, is significantly affected. The first of the four characters is Duncan. Since Macbeth interacts with Duncan only a minimal amount before Duncan's death, Macbeth's attitude towards him changes very rapidly. Before Macbeth hears the witches' first prophecy, he is very close to Duncan, and would never even think of doing something against him. When the thought of murdering Duncan crosses his mind immediately after he finds that he has just been named Thane of Cawdor, he cannot believe he "yield[s] to that suggestion / Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair / And make my seated heart knock at my ribs" (I, iii, 133-35). In scene 5 of act 1, however, his "vaulting ambition" is starting to take over, but partly because of his wife's persuasion. He agrees that they must "catch the nearest way" (17), and kill Duncan that night. On the other hand, as the time for murder comes nearer, he begins giving himself reasons not to murder Duncan: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. (I, vii, 13-16) When Lady Macbeth enters, though, she uses her cunning rhetoric and pursuasion techniques to convince Macbeth that this is, beyond the shadow of a doubt, the right thing to do. He then tells her that "I am settled." (79). He is firmly seated in his beliefs that killing Duncan is the right thing to do-until he performs the murder. He is so horrified by this act that for a moment he forgets where he is or whom he is with. We learn from this murder that Macbeth truly had faith in the king and was very loyal, but under the forces of his wife's persuasion and his own vaulting ambition, he is put in the evil frame of mind for just long enough to kill Duncan. This murder does permanently alter him from his moral state of mind, however, and he soon does not feel much remorse for murdering Duncan. The Second of the four characters towards whom Macbeth's attitude changes is Banquo. Before he murders Duncan, Macbeth is a very close friend to Banquo, and they are almost always together. After the murder, however, Macbeth senses suspicion on Banquo's part. He realizes that Banquo's "wisdom that doth guide his valour / To act in safety" (52-53) will cause Banquo to want to turn Macbeth in for his crime. Macbeth knows he must also get rid of Banquo since, according to the prophecy, the throne will pass to Banquo's sons otherwise. Macbeth starts showing his extreme hatred towards Banquo while he is convincing the two murderers that killing him is right: Macb: Both of you Know Banquo was your enemy. Murderers: True, my lord. Macb: So is he mine; and in such bloody distance That every minute of his being thrusts Against my near'st of life; (III, i, 114b-118) Finally, Macbeth actually shows signs of relief when the murderer calls him to the door during his banquet and tells him of Banquo's death: Macb: There's blood upon thy face. Murderer: 'Tis Banquo's then. Macb: 'Tis better thee without than he within. (III, iv, 12-14) Macbeth's last statement, "Tis . . . within", means that Banquo's blood is better on the murderer than in Banquo, showing that Macbeth is, in truth, happy that Banquo has been killed. the killing of Banquo by Macbeth shows extreme selfishness; he cannot bear to see even his best friend's sons succeed him on the throne. However, a more important reason that Macbeth kills Banquo is because of Banquo's suspicion of him, and what Banquo will do to him once he finds out for sure that Macbeth has commited the murder of Duncan. One can see that Macbeth becomes extremely harsh if he wants his way. He will go to horrid extremes just so that he does not have to live his kingship in fear, but instead "to be safely thus." (III, i, 49) Lady Macbeth, the third character, interacts with Macbeth a considerable amount, and influences him greatly. He and his wife as a pair are dangerous because his ambition combined with her bloodiness can cause fatal situations.

A Lovely Rose In The Poem Song By Edmund Waller Essays -

A Lovely Rose In The Poem Song By Edmund Waller For many centuries, young men have been telling their sweethearts about ephemeral youth and passion which, like a candle, burns brightly but dies out slowly but surely. Edmund Waller's persona in the poem Song is such a young man. He sends a rose to his beloved to Tell her that [she] wastes her time and [him] (2) by acting shy and staying out of sight. This young lover is trying to tell his paramour that their time is too short for such petty things. He is telling her to forget society and let her feelings lead the way. The speaker of this poem wants his mistress to understand this eagerness of his, and drop everything and come running to enjoy their momentary love. In the first stanza, the young lover is commanding a rose to go and deliver a message of the urgency of his love to his sweetheart. He commands the rose to tell her that she is wasting their precious youth by acting ignorant when she knows that he admires her. He resembles her to [the rose] (4), and discovers How sweet and fair she seems to be (5). He uses the rose as a symbol of her beauty. He compares her to the rose because roses are beautiful things that last only for a certain time. By this comparison, he wants her to see the evanescence of anything beautiful. This young lover wants his mistress to see her beauty and youth in a new way. He wants her to stop wasting time and give in to the beckoning call of love. In the second stanza, the speaker is commanding the rose to tell his paramour to throw off her robe of modesty and show off her beauty while she can. He understands that she is young And shuns to have her graces spied (7), but he wants the world to see her beauty and admire her for it. He wants to walk into a room with his beautiful mistress and see the men fighting for a glance at her and the women envying from afar. He wants poems written about her beauty and ballads sung about her virtue. Thus, he sends the lovely rose. He sends her the rose so she can admire its beauty, and, by doing so, she will be admiring herself. He commands the rose to tell her that if it had sprung / In deserts, where no men abide (8-9), then the rose must have uncommended died (10). By asking the rose to tell her this, the speaker is illustrating that hidden beauty such as hers needs to be praised. Otherwise, the loveliness will fade without fulfilling its purpose: in life to be admired and praised. The yo ung lover is showing her how cruel she is for trying to hide her beauty. He wants her to see that just as she gets pleasure from admiring the rose, he gets pleasure from admiring her. So he sends her the lovely rose as a reminder of her beauty. The speaker, in the third stanza, is commanding the rose to go Bid her come forth (13) and be the object of his admiration. He wants her to know that there is no worth in hidden beauty. What one cannot see, one cannot appreciate seems to be his philosophy. He sends her the rose so she will see its beauty and its proud petals standing upright in the spotlight of her admiration. In seeing the glorious rose basking in praise, she may want to feel as proud and noble herself. He wants her to come into the light and subject herself to be desired (14). The young lover knows that his love is shy and modest, but he also knows that she must endure his appreciation in order for their love to progress. He wants her to be proud of the admiration and not blush so to be admired (15). He wants her to be like the rose, standing proud and boastful, waiting to be admired. In the last stanza of the poem, the speaker commands the rose to die so that his beloved may see the ephemerality of all things That

Macro Economic Impact on Business Operations

Macro Economic Impact on Business Operations Free Online Research Papers Creating Money Money can be defined as any commodity that is used as a means of payment, for whatever is exchanged for the goods and services that are bought. Murray N. Rothbard, Economist, looks at money in this manner, â€Å"Many useful goods have been chosen as moneys in human societies. Salt in Africa, sugar in the Caribbean, fish in colonial New England, tobacco in the colonial Chesapeake Bay region, cowrie shells, iron hoes, and many other commodities have been used as moneys. Not only do these moneys serve as media of exchange; they enable individuals and business firms to engage in the calculation necessary to any advanced economy. (Taking Money, 1).† In the United States of America, Money is created by banks. It began as a commodity in the form of gold. Carrying it around was risky, there was trouble determining the actual worth, using it in its physical state was cumbersome and dangerous. To resolve the dilemma, Goldsmith’s , who in the 16th and 17th century eventually evolv ed into Banker’s, stored large amounts of gold for the merchants because they had the best security systems in that time. In return, merchants were given slips of paper with the amount of gold that was being held for them. Over time this system evolved into what is now know as the banking system. The paper that was given to the merchant was a promise to pay gold on demand (Brue, McConnell, 3-4). Banks create money today by lending it. The money supply consists of the currency held by the public and deposit accounts made by the banks. These create a financial system known as the â€Å"Fractional Reserve System†. Banks keep only a portion of the funds deposited with them. Banks borrow funds from those with savings and in turn lend those funds to those in need of funds. Banks make money by charging a higher percentage interest rate than is paid to depositors for use of their money. If banks kept their available funding after their reserve requirements have been met, de positors might have to pay banks to provide safekeeping services for their money. The Federal Reserve Created by Congress, the Federal Reserve, also call â€Å"The Fed† is the central bank of the United States. It controls the money supply by providing the nation with a flexible, safe and more stable money supply and financial system. To control the money supply the Federal Reserve uses three methods. The first is called Open market Operations. In an Open Market operation the government buys and sells government securities to increase the money supply. If the level of reserve balances in the banking system lags, seasonal, cyclical or permanent changes in the supply of reserve balances affect interest rates. Another method the Feds use to control the money supply is by â€Å"Altering the Reserve Requirements.† Law requires that the fed puts aside a portion of deposits held as reserve as cash on hand or as a reserve account balances at a reserve bank. To manipulate the money supply Fed can lower the required reserve rate. When it is lowered, banks are able to make more loans, money stock is expanded (short term) and interest rates become lower. This is intended to persuade investors and consumers to spend more money. Raising the reserve requirements gives the opposite effect, loans become restricted, the money stock is decreased, interest rates get higher and consumer purchases decline. The Great Depression is an example of what happens when the economy does not function properly. The economic slump was blamed on many factors, one of which was a drastic decrease in consumer spending. Paul Alexander Gusmorino, author of â€Å"Main Causes of the great Depression†, has this to say about the decrease of spending:† The U.S. economy was also reliant upon luxury spending and investment from the rich to stay afloat during the 1920s. The significant problem with this reliance was that luxury spending and investment were based on the wealthys confidence in the U.S. economy. If conditions were to take a downturn (as they did with the market crashed in fall and winter 1929), this spending and investment would slow to a halt (Gusmorinao World, 1996).† Individuals lost confidence in banks and the economy and the result was the Great Depression, an era that would set precedence for planning future economic stability. The last method that the fed uses to control the money supply is to adjust the interest rate. By increasing the interest rate to banks, the money supply decreases. That means that consumers are holding on to money and spending is careful and low. Subsequently, by decreasing interest rates, money supply increases and consumers are less careful about how and what they spend their money on. Monetary Policy To help promote national economic goals the Fed created a† Monetary Policy†. The goal of economic policy makers is to â€Å"reduce inflation while achieving satisfactory growth in employment, output and productivity (Monthly Labor, 1).† GDP represents economic production and growth; these factors have an important impact on everyone within the economy. For example, when the economy flourishes, unemployment is low and salaries increase as businesses demand labor to meet the growing increasing economy. A major change in GDP, increasing or decreasing, usually has an important effect on the stock market. A dim economy usually indicates that there will be a decrease in profits for companies, which in turn causes stock prices to decrease. Negative GDP growth is bad news to investors. One feature that economist’s use to determine a recession is negative growth. Monetary policy is made up of actions used by the Federal Reserve to promote economic goals by influ encing the availability and cost of money. By altering the federal funds rate, the â€Å"Federal Reserve influences the demand for, supply of, and balances that the depository institutions hold at Federal Reserve Banks (Federal Open, 1).† Also, when the rates of federal funds change, it causes a succession of changes in foreign exchange rates, long-term interest rates, the amount of money and credit, and other economic variables, such as employment output and the prices of goods and services. After examining the number of indicators of current and future economic expansions the Fed turns its focus to economic activity that lags. If economic growth should be stimulated in that particular market, a decision is made whether or not to alter the federal funds rate. A decrease in the federal funds interest rate stimulates economic growth, but an excessively high level of economic activity can cause inflation pressures to build to a point that will weaken the sustainability of an economic expansion. In the early 80;’s reducing inflation was a major economic concern facing policy makers in the U.S. Consumer Prices were reportedly at a high of 13.3% at the end of 1979 and by 1982 inflation rates had dropped to 3.8 %. This decline was attributed to the decisions made by the fed to decrease the federal fund rate. Patrick Jackman, author of â€Å"Consumer prices in the 1980’s: the cooling of inflation says this about the fed’s decision making; â€Å" The success in reducing inflation was largely attributable to monetary policy resulting form actions of the Federal Reserve Board. In October 1979, the Federal Reserve modified its monetary policy by giving greater emphasis to holding growth of the monetary stock within target ranges and allowing interest rates to vary widely (Consumer, 1).† The most important monetary control used by the feds is the â€Å"Open market operations.† It is flexible and open market operations influence the federal funds rate- the interest rate that depository institutions pay when they borrow unsecured loans of reserve balances overnight from each other. Banks borrow reserves in the federal funds market in order to meet reserve requirements set by the Federal Reserve, and to ensure adequate balances in their accounts at the Fed to cover checks and electronic payments that the Fed processes on their behalf. Changes in the federal funds rate often have a strong impact on other short-term rates. (Consumer, 2-3) References Gusmorino, Paul A., III. Main Causes of the Great Depression. Gusmorino World (May 13, 1996). Online. Internet: gusmorino.com/pag3/greatdepression/index.html. March 29, 2009. Brue, McConnell. (2004). Economics: Principles, problems and policies (16th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Rothbard, Jerry N. â€Å"Taking Money back† .http://mises.org/story/2882, Retrieved March 30, 2009 federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc.htm. Retrieved March, 27, 2009. Monthly Labor Review, Consumer prices in the 1980s: The Cooling of Inflation August 1990, Vol. 113, Research Papers on Macro Economic Impact on Business OperationsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export Quotas

As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding Essay

As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding attention - Essay Example overseen by a project manager, who needs to possess strong leadership qualities to effectively supervise and guide the project implementation workforce. The project manager also needs to clearly understand the project objectives and the strategies identified by the organization for effective accomplishment of the project goals. He is the person in charge of the project and therefore acts as a link between the workforce and the organization’s management. Fretty (2006 p 38) states that, â€Å"As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding attention†. This paper is a critique of the issues that project managers need to pay attention to as the project progresses, which include mentorship programs to enhance the accomplishment of tasks by the junior members of the project workforce, team building as well as promotion of project management and awareness as well as strong leadership skills among the project managers. It analyzes the competences that are necessary for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the project, such as; strong leadership, understanding of strategies for success, strategies for performance management and staff motivation, effective communication as well as generation of strong working relationships between the junior staff and the organizational management. Understanding and paying attention to the emerging issues is significant for successful implementation of project and accomplishment of the overall goal. Before inception of the project, the project managers are engaged according to the skills acquired through education. They bring fresh knowledge in to the project. However, there are many challenges that they are likely to face in the process. Problem solving requires skills that are mainly possessed by the longstanding project managers. It is therefore important for the project officers who have been in the organization for a longer period of time to provide mentorship for the newly engaged project officers. Mentorship is

Power and Politics in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power and Politics in Canada - Essay Example In addition, the Canadian Heritage oversees affairs relating to the royal family members’ visits in and outside Canada. The department of Canadian Heritage funds various native cultural objects namely languages, women’s programming, friendship centers, action Canada, arts presentation, scholarship for post-secondary students and language assistant part time package. The department also funds athletic activities, book publishing, broadcasting projects, multipurpose youth centers and museum initiatives. One of the Canadian Heritage Minister’s obligations would be to make provisions for funds in enabling institutions in other countries associated with Canadian national heritage. Also, institutions intending to purchase objects but for which export permits remain not granted would be funded by the department. Public funding follows the attainment of public authorities and designation of institutions requirements with a movable cultural property grant (Ivir, 2005). Ca nadian cultural objects remain significant in preserving Canadian traditions. Also, the activities for which public funding remains allocated have considerable contributions to the economic and social domains of the country’s economy. ... Furthermore, certain instances such as a sale from private entity and auction purchases may necessitate full funding after successful price negotiations have become achieved. Taking these requirements into consideration, it would be recommended that public funds be used to create and support Canadian cultural objects (Ivir, 2005). Canadian cultural heritage exists as a mosaic society continuously progressing into a more culturally assorted society under the influence of native Canadians as well as the Anglophone and francophone populaces. Constitutionally, the Canadian federal government shares the obligation for developing culture at the national level. In order to facilitate integrated planning and policy along with enhancing partnerships with Canada’s cultural society and the private sector in relation to cultural development, public funding for Canadian cultural objects becomes necessary. In addition, public funding would promote cultural involvement, encourage philanthrop y and voluntarism, and facilitate professional development and training in the arts. Most Canadian based arts establishments such as public galleries, museums and performing arts firms remain entirely nonprofit establishments thus making them eligible to become charitable establishments when tax considerations become considered (Ivir, 2005). Similarly, Canada’s corporate sponsorship for arts continues to grow dramatically in the previous decades thereby causing a proportionate increase in the demand for federal funding. However, only few foundations exist in Canada with the capability of supporting and developing arts activities. Additionally, the

Researching in Business Management Literature review

Researching in Business Management - Literature review Example Significant global expansion helps an organization to maximize its business profit. In addition to this organizations can attain growth in market share and can develop potential global customer base through global expansion strategy. Multinational organizations implement several different strategies in different operating countries to meet the market demand of that country. However, these multinational organizations face critical issues associated with business operation in different countries due to different cultural background, economic environment and political aspects. The Coca Cola Company has been selected for the research purpose. Following discussion will help to determine the issues that are faced by Coca Cola Company in different countries. Analysis and Discussion Global business environment is highly competitive as several leading organizations are operating within a similar industry. These organizations not only focus on primary market bases, but also used to target rest of the world. It is true that an organization can achieve significant competitive advantages through effective global expansion strategies. High profitability and high business revenue motivate several leading organizations to expand their business practices in global market place. ... They have to develop effective business strategy in order to get success in global market place. The multinational organizations generally face following issues in their business operation in different countries. Management Issues Culture of an individual generally varies from a country to another. A multinational organization has to develop different corporate and organizational policies in different countries in order to maintain effective business performance. Culture is typically a complex aspect that includes beliefs, art, knowledge, laws, attitude, behaviour, customs and other habits or capabilities acquired by an individual as a member of a particular community or a society. Therefore, it can be stated that work culture cannot be similar in each and every place around the globe. It differs from a person to another due to several cultural differences. Coca Cola is one of the leading multinational soft-drink manufacturing and distributing organization. The organization has signi ficant business operation presences in various global market places. The organization is one of the leading organizations within the industry. Coca Cola faced several issues during globalization and its global expansions. The organization was facing difficulty to develop business and corporate culture in different country due to different cultural background of employees and customers. In addition to this, there were several local organizations in these countries that already had significant brand recognition and market share growth rate. After several difficulties the management of the organization de3cides to market their product in different countries based on the demand and cultural aspect of the customers. Different slogans

UN Human Trafficking Prevention Protocol An Analysis

UN Human Trafficking Prevention Protocol An Analysis Human trafficking is an ever-growing global criminal concern and a prominent humanitarian crisis, with as many as an estimated twenty-seven million people being trafficked globally each year. Traditional approaches to combat this global phenomenon has been largely ineffective, as globalization has revolutionized the practices and process in which it is carried out. Trafficking at its core involves the objectification of persons into illicit market commodities – persons who, through deception, force or coercion, are transported and sold for the purpose of exploitation. In recent years, increasing awareness of this growing criminal trend throughout the international community has urged international bodies to take immediate action. As a response to this crisis, one critical document, titled the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, was drafted. Albeit being introduced only in 2000, this Protocol is a significant law enforcement accomplis hment, and is the first and only international agreement of its kind to provide many detailed provisions for the protection and assistance of victims of transnational crime. Despite this, the UN Trafficking Protocol has proven to have limited effectiveness in combating and controlling human trafficking and modern slavery, particularly in certain countries like Thailand. While it has enhanced transnational cooperation in tackling this issue, it fails to take into account, and thereby does not provide solutions for, non-compliance, a corrupt criminal justice system, as well as the reintegration of victims back into society. While the purpose of the Protocol is to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, protect and assist victims of trafficking, and to promote cooperation among State Parties, the provisions providing for the implementation and enforcement of these measures are weak. Each of these provisions begins with the permissive language that State Parties â€Å"shall adopt or establish†¦as may be necessary†, â€Å"shall endeavour to†, and â€Å"shall consider†¦in appropriate cases† implementing various protection or assistive measures for victims. For example, Article 7 requires State Parties only to consider providing temporary or permanent residence in its territory in appropriate cases. While this provides the flexibility to craft and implement policies and laws that best suit the needs of various State Parties, the lack of any hard obligation or enforcement measures could potentially undermine political commitment to the Protocol, since compliance is purely on a voluntary basis. This lack of obligation can be seen in Thailand – one of the signatories of the Protocol – where young girls deemed to be trafficking victims are not granted temporary legal documents in accordance to Thai law, and therefore are not allowed to leave the shelter grounds (Thrupkaew, 2009). This goes against Article 8.4 of the UN Trafficking Protocol, which mentions State Party shall agree to issue travel documents to victims of trafficking who is without proper documentation, to facilitate their travel to and re-enter its territory. Hence, this freedom and flexibility to interpret the Protocol has undermined its effectiveness in implementing and enforcing the provisions stated to provide assistance to the victims of trafficking. Similarly, the corruption of local law enforcement in countries like Thailand and Cambodia have hindered efforts to curb human trafficking, as they provide a system of protection and safe-haven for key stakeholders involved in the process. From petty bribery to large-scale misappropriation of funds, corruption is rife throughout the criminal justice process in many countries, and has serious implications both for the human rights of detainees and the efficient administration of justice. The Protocol, despite its concerted effort to counteract human trafficking, is nonetheless at the mercy of the local authorities to implement and enforce measures on the ground. As mentioned by Thrupkaew, the root cause of much of the suffering in the developing world is the failure of the criminal justice system to protect the poor from the violence and brutality that robs them of their basic subsistence and liberty. In Cambodia, the police are notorious for their involvement in trafficking, through extortion of protection money, assault and rape of sex workers and trafficking victims (Thrupkaew, 2009). In Thailand, the politicians do not take sex slavery seriously, and while there exist full and complete laws that forbid enslavement, trafficking and exploitation, they are not enforced (Bales, 1999, p.72). As such, although the Protocol does provide an international legislative framework and is very comprehensive in its scope of human trafficking, it is ineffective as local authorities are more concerned about their own personal well-being than national political concerns, and thus do not enforce these measures on the ground. Furthermore, while the Protocol provides the necessary provisions for the physical, psychological and social recovery of victims of trafficking as mentioned in Article 6.3, it is not implemented, and little is being done to help facilitate their reintegration into society. Many victims who are freed and taken to shelters are found to suffer from aggression, depression, and emotional instability. Yet, these shelters are merely surface attempts at abiding by the Protocol, and victims are robbed of the opportunity to overcome their trauma and recover from the physical and emotional damage they have suffered. This is especially prevalent in Thailand, where psychological counselling is effectively unknown, and little therapeutic work is done with girls freed from brothels (Bales, 1999, p.59). There is also a strong possibility of re-enslavement, especially if the girls rescued are foreigners who don’t speak the local language (Bales, 1999, p.66). This shows that the Protocol has fa iled in not only providing the necessary services for victims to recover from the emotional trauma that they have faced from this violence, but also the prevention of victims of trafficking from re-victimization, as stated in article 9.1.b of the Protocol. However, we cannot understate the effectiveness of the UN Trafficking Protocol, because it is the first universal instrument intended to advance the global movement against human exploitation through collective action. Consequently, it is a reflection of the political will of international governments to combat human trafficking, evidenced by the widespread ratification of 166 State Parties as a first step in the expression of that political commitment. Moreover, the Protocol’s definition of trafficking and what amounts to exploitation is universally accepted as the most comprehensive definition that has informed various international counter-trafficking legal frameworks. This has aided prosecutors worldwide in providing assistance, protection and advocating for the rights of trafficked persons. Despite this, coordination efforts on a national level are still grossly lacking, especially among various law enforcement agencies, criminal justice service providers and victim service providers. For example, the International Justice Mission (IJM), an evangelical Christian organization devoted to combating human rights abuse, collaborate with local counterparts in providing assistive services and protection to victims of slave labour and sexual abuse. However, because of the differences in policies and their view towards trafficking and prostitution, IJM has strained, and eventually severed, diplomatic relations with counter-trafficking efforts in Thailand. In addition, IJM failed to work closely with victim service providers, and have no idea how aftercare leads to the protection for minors, and neither do they track where they are sent after repatriation (Thrupkaew, 2009). As such, the lack of a national anti-trafficking coordinating body to promote better cooperation amongst local organizations and to monitor the implementation of national referral mechanisms has greatly hindered the effectiveness of the Protocol. Since trafficking in person by nature is a covert activity involving hidden populations on an international scale, it is difficult to analyse, measure and understand. In light of this, the Protocol could include the creation of a central repository of information on measures taken by States and organizations to combat human trafficking. This database would include national legislations, international criminal organizational structures, and information on global anti-trafficking projects. In the development of this repository, the UN could adapt from the Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) by UNODC, a web-based information sharing system designed to provide project transparency and coordination of technical assistance. Such a platform increases the accessibility and availability of information to State Parties, which would inarguably aid in the identification and prosecution of traffickers as well as their modus operandi, thereby enhancing global efforts against trafficking. Limited research has also been carried out on what trafficked persons want and need in terms of support, rehabilitation and their experience in the participation of the criminal justice process. As Thrupkaew mentions, â€Å"It didn’t cross anyone’s mind to work with sex workers on the law, and although we talk about the minimum standards of assistance, victims are not consulted in the creation of those standards†. As such, additional funding could be provided to NGO’s and social workers to encourage further research in this area, so as to provide useful insights to policy-makers and practitioners. In essence, the main compelling reason why the Trafficking Protocol is ineffective in reducing global human sex trafficking is due to UN’s inability to enforce compliance from Protocol signatories, and stronger monitoring provisions and tighter membership policies should be adopted. That being said, such reforms should proceed with caution, as ensuring compliance need not necessarily lead to revised laws being effective in that country, due to various factors such as their socio-political climate. How effective the Protocol is ultimately boils down on the onus of State Parties on their level of commitment to incorporate and enforce Protocol measures into their domestic law. Only then will we have the slightest chance in eradicating human trafficking. (Word Count: 1543 words) Reference Bales, K. B. (1999).  Disposable people: New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Thrupkaew, N. (2009, September 16). The crusade against sex trafficking. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from Crusade Against Sex Trafficking, https://www.thenation.com/article/crusade-against-sex-trafficking/ UNODC. (2009, October 6). ADAM (automated donor assistance mechanism). Retrieved February 9, 2017, from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/global-it-products/adam.html

Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax

Psych 333: Social Psychology Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax As social human beings we encounter the powerful effects of roles every day. Whether you’re an experienced doctor or a propane truck driver, your roles are much more than just a small piece of a big picture. Our roles are in nature a social element that when used correctly can slightly or completely alter another’s. When used maliciously our roles can not only psychologically damage an individual or a handful of people, but also the masses.Adolf Hitler’s role as a chancellor changed the roles of normal German soldiers to genocidal henchmen which in turn changed the Jews’ roles as a race of beautiful people to what seemed like verminous animals needing extermination. The dynamics of social roles are not always this drastic but when they are, our life as we know it changes. To see how similar a real life tragedy and a staged study are with damaging effects of roles, it is import ant to analyze the Stanford Prison Experiment and a very horrible real life tragedy comparatively.In order to explain such a socially fascinating phenomenon as the Stanford Prison Experiment led by Zimbardo, we must first see what social psychological factors were at play. First it is important to know that all participants in this experiment including the prisoners, the guards, and the confederates gave their full consent to participate. This is important because the main method of this experiment would make the participants take on different roles. This method helped determine the purpose of this experiment which is whether or not the participants’ would perceive their roles as pretending or reality.This perception was shown through behavior from both prisoners and guards as a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is evident because the reciprocal behaviors expressed by the prisoner participants and the guard participants would amplify each other’s behavior. An increase of aggression causes an increase in submissiveness which in turn amplifies aggression and continuous into a vicious cycle. The experiment has been argued to have been unsuccessful; however the experiment contained a high amount of experimental realism. Although the experiment was unethical it yielded fascinating results from both the prisoners and the guards.First I believe it is important to analyze the behavior exhibited by the participants in the experiment. Prior to the experiment, the participants were in fact informed about the nature of the experiment and the moment they were arrested they would assume their roles as prisoners. A majority of the experiment was done inside of the prison. It was during this time that the prisoners displayed many social psychological behaviors that result from playing a submissive role. The progression of the experiment’s time also caused some of these interesting behaviors to amplify.It is important to understand that the underlining qualit y that the prisoners in this study exhibited was learned helplessness. This is predominantly evident when the prisoners’ acts of rebellion toward the guards diminish. This leaved the prisoners with an overall sense of helplessness. They were more likely to submit to the hostile and aggressive demands of the guards. Although some of the demands of the guards such as doing countless numbers of pushups would seem unethical in a real prison, even a participant assuming a false role as a prisoner follows such preposterous demands.What is more perplexing about this study was the fact that these participants in fact knew that they were not really guilty of any crime but as the experiment progressed and the guards became more aggressive the inmates displayed very passive behavior because they knew that their behaviors could not change the current predicament that they were in. Another remarkable concept that helped reinforce the participants’ roles as prisoners was the Saying- Becomes-Believing Effect. In one instance the participant known as prisoner 8612 would either rebel or would show what would be seen as undesirable behaviors in the guards’ eyes.After doing this the guards would have the inmates punished and also have them chant â€Å"Prisoner 8612 was bad†. The prisoners seemed to show a certain degree of animosity towards prisoner 8612 and eventually led to his outright emotional breakdown and made him to truly believe that he was a bad prisoner. This again shows the strength of learned helplessness in social cognition. Prisoner 8612 believed he was a bad prisoner; therefore he became a bad prisoner. The only thing more fascinating than the growing submission of the prisoners had to be the increasing aggression by the prisoners.It is a confounding concept that in most prisons, the idea that prison guards act more harshly towards an inmate because they are in fact psychologically feeding off of the prisoners’ submissiveness. Th e guards in the study were introduced exactly as the prisoners were to the study’s nature just as different roles. Their roles would begin the moment they arrested the prisoners. Upon arriving to the prison however, the guards would assume an entirely different role than a prisoner.These soon-to-be tyrants would use one of the most powerful social psychological weapons in their armory: deception. The Stanford Prison guards used deception in a number of ways during this study. In the experiment they introduced the privilege cell and the penalty box to the prisoners. The privilege cell was a much nicer cell than the ones given to the rest of the prisoners. When the guards put certain prisoners in the privilege cell this deceived the other prisoners into believing that this prisoner was good which in turn caused the prisoners to be more behaved.The same deception was used in punishing the prisoner with the penalty box which was a small broom closet sized room which would be used to keep the prisoners when they were bad. Another method of deception that the guards inflicted was towards the family of the prisoners. The guards forced the prisoners to write to their families constantly that everything was going well in the prison. Along with these letters the prisoners would also force the prisoners to identify themselves as their assigned numbers rather than their actual names.I confounding factor that also helped in the amplifying aggression of the guards towards the prisoners was their act of justification. It is rather odd that regular people who for the most part did not assume any kind of authoritative role use authority in such a severe way. When questioning the severity of their actions towards the prisoners justified their actions by telling themselves that they are being told to be this way towards the prisoners and also that the prisoners’ behaviors caused them to bring the consequences upon themselves. The experiment seemed so real that it c ould not even complete the full desired duration.This experiment will always be remembered as one of the biggest contributions to social psychology because it showed the powerful effects of submissiveness vs. authority. It was because of this experiment also question and reevaluate what is and isn’t ethical in social psychology experiments. It also shows us how people whether they are in positions of authority or not can manipulate this powerful psychological element against others causing not only psychological and emotional ramifications, but also legal ones as well. This was seen in one of the cruelest hoaxes ever played.The hoax that I am describing was one that went from what seemed to be a mean prank call, to dozens of legal repercussions and countless victims of emotional and psychological distress. These calls were made by David R. Stewart. Although Stewart seemed like a man of average intelligence, it wouldn’t be unfair to consider him to be a social psycholog ical genius. Stewart’s calls as a person in a position of authority not only manipulated his victims but also tormented them with a number of social psychological weapons but also used the psychological factors of his victims against themselves.He was sometimes able to take two innocent people and make one a victim of sexual assault and the other a victim in a single phone call. In order to analyze how Stewart was able to succeed at this it is important to see what psychological factors were in play both in the mind of Stewart and his victims. First, Stewart assumed a role of authority as a police officer, corporate employee, or federal officer. This role helped Stewart claim legitimacy to his victims. Although this would seem like enough to control his victims he also used a factor that was possessed not by him but by his victims.Stewart attacked those who worked in the food industry. This may seem odd but it is fact a very intelligent group of people to attack because peopl e in the food industry are trained to be more obedient than others traditionally would. Society’s schema of the food industry portrays it in such a fashion that the number one priority of the industry’s employees is customer satisfaction. In order to achieve customer satisfaction the employees must obey the customer’s wishes. When the employee is on this type of a mindset it isn’t unfair to say that their vulnerability to authority would also heighten.The heightened obedience to authority also arises from another social schema of law enforcement. We tend to live in the illusion that because law enforcement has a higher authority than civilians do, we must do everything they tell us to. This schema is also the reason police often get a confession or information leading to a confession from people because although individuals have the right to remain silent, police use authority to trick them into confessing. The perplexing aspect of this event is not just the acts themselves that were performed, but the fact that the acts grew more and more sexually perverse.Although the act of the hoax itself was perplexing, it is even more fascinating on how the public criticized the whole phenomenon. This alone had so many interesting psychological happenings. Even news broadcasters like Fox-TV called the â€Å"victims† of this hoax were â€Å"colossally stupid†. Another made a statement quoting â€Å"They had the critical ability to decide whether to carry out their orders†. Statements like these show both a hindsight bias and a self-serving bias. People claim that they would never perform perverse and lewd acts on another because an authoritative figure told them to do so.The self-serving bias is the fact that they believe they would personally behave more favorably and the hindsight bias is the fact they claim they would have behaved differently after they heard of the incident. Although people harshly criticized the victim s Stewart did in fact con two thirds of the people he called. This proves an interesting argument because people who read this story will most likely claim that they will never behave in such the fashion the victims did, but because of these social biases it is impossible to know if one would truly fall for a hoax like that.Many look at Zimbardo’s and Milgram’s studies and see the obvious social psychological connection between both. What is interesting is how this real world hoax and the two above studies have very predominant similarities. Both instances involve two different groups of normal people assuming a role and watch how their roles completely change their lives. In both situations people who would never normally behave to the roles they were given behave exactly to their roles. In both situations the submissiveness of one person amplifies the aggression and authority of another.In both situations the victims’ roles caused long term psychological and e motional distress. It shows us a society full of schemas that is naturally obedient in following orders whether we believe them to be right or wrong. So in essence these incidents are very relevant to each other and also to social psychology as a field. It is relevant to how we think, how we behave, and how we interact with others. The average person would say that Zimbardo’s study was obviously unethical. This is true because it is unethical.The American Psychological Association provides the Institutional Review Boards to keep experiments ethical and protect the participants in this study. The fact that participants in the study underwent emotional distress proves that the study was unethical. In hindsight, if Stewart’s hoax was indeed replicated it would be terribly unethical to say the least. It is because Zimbardo’s study being so similar to the hoax that roles become psychological damaging. In Zimbardo’s experiment, the participants felt the effects of a six day role long after the study.In Stewart’s hoax, just a few minutes or hours changed some of the victims involved for the rest of their lives. Although it is fair to challenge ourselves as psychologist, experiments with the psychological severity of the Stanford prison experiment are not needed because we know the social psychological implications of role playing. This analysis fits very well with the social psychological perspective. Roles, schemas, and biases show the dynamic of the human’s psychological potential.You do not have to be a PhD psychologist to manipulate more than sixty average people to perform sexual or lewd acts on other innocent people. It also does not take a PhD psychologist to give average people a role that is unordinary to them and watch them change as a person. What seems like simple terms in social psychology can be used as powerful and manipulative weapons in psychological warfare. These concepts also help realize the importance of the roles that we play every day and how they can change the social world as we know it.

Word List

Any activity becomes creative when doer cares about doing it right or better – John Updike Sunshine City (s/sh sound) Use Suffix – â€Å"able† AcceptableAvoidableBreakableCountable ComparableImaginableEatableTolerable WashableUnderstandableReadable In last class, we studied about Subject and Predicate, here is a small class work to separate Subject and Predicate from following sentences: 1. We like playing cricket. 2. I perform on the stage every day. 3. Burgers and French Fries are available at this shop. 4. The Earth revolves round the sun. 5. The singing of the birds delighted children. . All roads lead to Mumbai. 7. Borrowed Garments never fit well. 8. No one knows who murdered the girl. 9. Sit down. 10. I shot an arrow into the air. Words are divided into different kinds or classes called parts of speech. In a sentence every word has a job. Some words connect, some describe while some provide action. There are 8 parts of Speech: 1. Noun – a noun is a name of a person, place, emotions or thing, like: Akbar is a great king. The rose smells sweet 2. Adjective – is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun, like: Good boys Ten girls Dirty clothes 3. Pronoun – is a word used instead of a noun, like Ram shouts —– He shouts. They, them, us, he, she, it etc. come under this class. 4. Verb – provides action: they tell what is happening, like: I fly my kite. Calcutta is a big city. Ram bought the ball. 5. Adverb – is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, like: Jack solved the sum quickly. This flower is very beautiful. 6. Prepositions – connects nouns and pronouns too the rest of the sentence, like: A little girl sat under a tree. They are playing in the garden. Others: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to and with etc. 7. Conjunctions – are different kinds of connectors. They hook together individual words, like: Jack and jerry are cousins. I ran fast, but missed the train. U want chocolates or toffees? 8. Interjections – are exclamations. When you put strong feelings into a word, it is interjection, like: Wow! , Oops! , Ouch! , Cool! , Yikes! etc. ———————– TONGUE TWISTER OF THE DAY DAILY WORD POWER CLASS WORK – SUBJECT / PREDICATE PARTS OF SPEECH THOUGHT OF THE DAY

Organization Politics Concept

Organization Politics Concept Introduction Organization politics is a complicated concept in the management system in which issues of work relationship, ethics, norms, performance and outputs are controlled and influenced by it (Vigoda, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Politics Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, it is a manipulative behavior by some individuals aimed at promoting their own interest at the expense of others; to some point, organization politics may also affect the organization’s objectives (Allen and Madison, 1988). This paper will evaluate a case study and discuss the notion of organization politics in a broad way. Discussion Organizational politics is noticeable and it does manifest itself in several ways. First, it does manifest itself through struggle for power and leadership (Vigoda, 2003). Individuals usually make up stories, spread rumors, create innuendos, and make negative remark s about their work colleagues with an aim of destroying the reputation of such colleagues. By so doing, it compromises individual’s position in a firm which may lead to one being terminated from job or being demoted in some cases. Secondly, organizational politics is evident through struggle for resources. In a firm for instance, when a junior manager insists on being assigned certain individual or group of workers who are usually assigned to another manager of a higher position; this is a clear case of struggle for human resource and hence can be treated as organizational politics. Thirdly, organizational politics also is observable through influencing other workers within the firm to struggle for power (Vigoda, 2003). Such a case can be observed when workers organize themselves in groups and scheme to over through a manager or any other personnel in a higher position. Furthermore, organization politics also manifest itself through developing personal stature (Cohen and Brad ford, 2005). An individual will create a positive reputation about him/herself before others in order to appear an upright person; an individual would do this so that he/she will appear as the favorite candidate for a certain position.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, organizational politics is also evident through developing coalitions (Cohen and Bradford, 2005). In a firm, some individual will form strong bonds with fellow colleagues at the work place with an aim of creating personal supporters (Bacharach and Lawler, 2000). Alternatively, it can also manifest itself through controlling certain information within an organization and so forth (Allen and Madison, 1988). Analyses of the case study In the case study we come across Steve Jobs who is invited as an advisor, however, Steve takes advantage of this opportunity and he develops a strong bond with Appl e’s employees; he makes himself to appear as a credible leader and also digs deep to expose the current CEO through revealing how he sold his shares. This is a clear case in which Steve Jobs portrays the current Apple’s CEO as a negative leader who is not competent enough for managerial position. On the other hand, Steve Jobs seems to have enough support from the Apple staff with whom he had earlier formed a strong bond with. This is also a clear case of scheming in which it evidently appears that Jobs Steve had planned the happening which finally yields fruits and he is appointed as the new CEO of Apple Computers. Conclusion In conclusion, it is quite clear that the case presented is a case in which organization politics manifest itself clearly. Steve Jobs appears to have plotted the whole scenario to ensure that he was awarded with the CEOs position which goes as planned. This may have positive or negative impact to the organization and there it is necessary that the board of directors should be very keen before making such an important decisions to avoid negative results at all times. References Allen, R Madison, L (1988). Organizational politics: tactics and personal  characteristics of political actors. California: California State University.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Politics Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bacharach, B. S. Lawler, J. E. (2000). Organizational Politics. New york: Jai Press. Cohen, A. R. Bradford, D. (2005). Influence without Authority. New York. John Wiley and sons. Vigoda, E. (2003). Developments in organizational politics: how politics affect  Organizations. Cheltenham: Edward Elgars Publishing Ltd.

The Word of God Scripture

The Word of God Scripture Introduction Insatiable nature of human needs and wants has been a subject, which has been explored in various academic, social, and economic fields. In religious circles, the bible forms the backbone of the Christian faith, and it houses sixty-six books written in different genres and by different authors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Word of God Scripture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Christians, God inspired all the forty authors of the bible, which renders the bible inerrancy and infallible. Significantly, the many genres of the bible enable Christians to understand the word of God easily. However, since the bible is the central book in Christianity, its inerrancy and inspiration has triggered endless and unquenchable desire for better and newer things among humanity. Christian’s perception/definition on bible inerrancy Intellectual realm is where the insatiability of human nature li es, and thus there is need to go beyond what is attainable by mere human ability. In the process of searching for the meaning of existence, human beings have proliferated thousands of different religions in different societies throughout the world, and countless religious writings and sacred texts attempting to satisfy their intellectual conundrum (Imperato 85). Christians are propagating the bible teachings because they view them as inerrant. Inerrancy is in different categories, strict/absolute, limited, or no inerrancy at all. According to Catholics, strict inerrancy means that the bible is free of errors because God inspired the authors (Lindsell 90). On the contrary, the concept of limited inerrancy speculates that, the bible is true on specified areas about morality and faith among others. However, it is errant on matters pertaining scientific or historical events (Stuart 80). Strict inerrancy seems more convincing because the content or words of the bible are from God. Accord ing to Grudem, bible inerrancy means, â€Å"the inerrancy of Scripture means that Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact (49) while others, think there is no scripture, which confirms God inspired the authors.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship between inerrancy and inspiration The liberal Protestants and some Catholics disagree with strict inerrancy of the bible because it is inaccurate on scientific and historical matters and has religious politics (Stuart 67). Catholicism firmly support that the bible is inerrant (Imperato 100). For instance, some of the leaders acknowledge the bible as a firm and faithful book written without error; a book that teaches about God’s salvation (Geisler 294), which means the issue is not debatable per their doctrines. The catholic doctrines teach that God cannot insp ire people to write untrue events in the bible (Geisler 86). Therefore, God inspired both the words and the authors. Inspiration is a strong influence by God to human minds. Catholicism asserts that the words in the bible came directly from God but through the authors (Albl 79). On the other hand, some Protestants assert that, God inspired the original bible writings only (Greek, Armenian) and not the translated versions. â€Å"No single view of inspiration conveys the total and so true picture† (Earle 319). Therefore, God inspired different people to write the bible, which led to many genres. God guided each author to write in a different way depending on the applicable genre during the contemporary times. In relation to inspiration and inerrancy, the genres in the bible open up the human mind to understand God’s message. The various genres of the bible The diverse views about the inerrancy and inspirational nature of the bible remain debatable in churches except in C atholicism. This exemplifies that human will is human characteristic that is never satisfied. If satisfied, it lasts only for a while, which leaves the individual to desire more. Since human will stems from the individual, the general expectation is that the decisions and actions that actualize themselves through free will lead to the long-lasting satisfaction for the individual. However, that is never the case.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Word of God Scripture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Albl, Martin. Reason, Faith, and Tradition: Explorations in Catholic Theology. Winona,  MN: Anselm Academic, 2009 Earle, Ralph. â€Å"Revelation and Inspiration: The Spoken Word of God. A Contemporary  Wesleyan Theology 1.1 (1983): 319. Geisler, Norman. William E. Nix. A General Introduction to the Bible. England: Moody  Publishers, 1986. Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Pre ss, 1994. Imperato, Robert. Footings: Creation, World Religions, Personalism, Revelation, and  Jesus Revised. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2009. Lindsell, Harold. Battle for the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976. Stuart, Douglas. Inerrancy and Common Sense. Ed. Roger Nicole and Ramsey,  Michaels. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Not defined,a proposal which combines IT and business together Research

Not defined,a which combines IT and business together - Research Proposal Example In addition, the IT technology remains dynamic and requires that organizational leaders remain focused and flexible to adopt emerging technologies. Research has shown that the main reason why most organizations have failed to realize their business goals is because they have failed to successfully implement IT in their supply operations. This qualitative analysis aims at investigating the impact of the IT in the organization supply chain management. The primary purpose of this project is to investigate the impact of information technology on the supply chain management. In the business environment, it is a priority for the business managers to streamline the supply chain to ensure that they realize optimum profits as per their set goals. The ability of organization to integrate information technology in their supply helps them improve the organizational performance. The specific objective of this paper is to assess the impact of IT in the supply chain management in terms of cost reduction and effectiveness. The findings of this research will help organizations to successfully integrate IT in their business operations and provide an opportunity for organizations to improve their supply chain management strategy. The cumulative impact of this in business is to minimize supply chain expenses, increase efficiency and hence optimize profits. Research shows that the reason why organizations have failed to achieve effectiveness in their supply chain management is because they have undermined the value of information technology in streamlining the supply chain. Schillewaert states that majority of the organization have failed to integrate information technology in their business operations because they fail to understand its value in improving the efficiency of the supply chain. In this view, this research will provide the value of Information technology to the supply chain managers and provide an

Literature & research review of workforce diversity in healthcare Essay

Literature & research review of workforce diversity in healthcare - Essay Example Properly diverse health care personnel help in expanding health care access for most of the underserved; and also adequately foster research in main neglected areas that are linked to the societal needs. A diversified, skilful, and enriched team of managers or policymakers are vital meeting the recurrent needs of an assorted populace. This top level management is highly relevant with consideration of the current modern world. Typically, there is highly empirical conception which denotes that the long-standing resolutions to achieving sufficient diversity in the health professions normally depend upon primary reforms. Healthcare sector is one the vital sectors in every country. Hence, proper constant improvements to the healthcare system are inevitable. The changes to the healthcare system must commence from the country’s precollege learning system to the practicing field. To enhance the occurrence of the reforms, there is an application of the affirmative action. That is; oriented tools in entire health professions schools. The affirmative actions are significant to achieving varied health care personnel that is important to the earlier or original setting. The paper looks deep into the theoretical and entailed operational process. The paper highlights on extensive literature review which divides into two sections of theoretical and empirical evaluation. It lastly provides vivid recommendation on relevant best practices that should be undertaken (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). The theoretical and operational perspectives outlines that Workforce diversity in healthcare emanates from the essence that United States is a country with a wealthy assortment of races and entailed ethnicities. The country is also facing influx people from other continents with varying background. Hence, the diversification of the health care remains the greatest challenge for the country. In summary, US

Race and Your Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Race and Your Community - Essay Example who has not had much engagement in the arena of race discourse and who have been spared the oppressions wrought upon racial minorities, it is all too easy for me to forget that there are looming issues that need to be resolved and ugly truths that have to be confronted. And while much has changed since the 1800’s, and new developments have been introduced that have sought to alleviate the racial divide not only in this State and in this country but in the world as well, it is incorrect to believe that the problem has been completely solved. We must be grateful that the world we have now is a better, more tolerant and more accepting world, but we must still try to think of steps to further reduce the racial divide. I look around me and I see that members of my community look like me. White Americans easily form 70% of my community, though there are those of African American, Asian and Latin American descent around me. Caucasians look alike for obvious reasons – skin color, eye color and hair color reveal a common racial blueprint. Even the most idle observer would perhaps be able to distinguish among the races because of these distinctions. It is also worthy to note that the racial divide seems to extend to choice in fashion, music, and the like. African-Americans tend to dress alike, for instance, and have the same tastes in music. For example, Tennessee boasts of a long tradition of gospel music, commonly associated with African Americans. Jazz music is also another Tennessee tradition. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s – the period wherein blacks made their mark in the artistic scene – saw black musicals and jazz music emerging in the mainstream scene. Indeed, the differences in the musical tastes run deep and add a colorful flavor to the Tennessee cultural collage. Of course, there are many songs of recent vintage that cut across race, particularly among the younger generation. Our political office is comprised of African-Americans and Caucasians

English society and lifestyles Essay Example for Free

English society and lifestyles Essay He also demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half, this proves that he is dangerous and willing to go to any length to get what he wants. Because of his butch, scary description in the first part of the story, he may come across and un-educated. He is actually very cunning, he thinks of all the fake things in his room, these lead to the deaths. He is very clever, even Holmes addresses him as cunning. Jabez Wilson Jabex Wilson is a character in the story the red headed league he is the owner of a local pawnshop, he is given a false job in the story. The fake job he is given, although simple pays very good money, he takes the job and leaves his partner in charge of his pawn shop, him taking the job shows that, like anybody in Victorian England, he would do anything for money, he also took on his assistant , Vincent spaldling, because he offered to come at half wages. Vincent Spalding Vincent Spalding is the character of Wilsons assistant in the red headed league. He tricks Wilson into leaving him the shop so that he can dig to a nearby bank. He is actually john clay in disguise, john clay is a famous bank robber who is wanted by the police. he is very cunning with the way he works, he fixed a fake advertisement, fake job, fake identity all for one job, this in some ways shows that he has determination and devotion to what he does. The place of servants The place of servants throughout these stories, is not very obvious. in the speckled band the manor house in which Helen Stoner and Dr Roylott live, is said to have a room for the maid. this shows that housing was provided for servants. It shows that although there is a definite hierarchy between master and servant, considerations are made on the part of food, and housing. The role of women In the three stories which I studied the role of women varies, in the man with the twisted lip Mrs. St Clare comes across as the type of woman that stays in and cooks and cleans at her husbands demands, she has dinner for him at his arrival home in the evening and doesnt ask where his money comes from or what he does, she just accepts that it is money. Whereas is the speckled band Helen Stoner is much more independent of her self, she rides on the train and dog cart in the early hours of the morning without permission, she tries to find out for herself the cause of her sisters death and seeks out her own help even though she is fully aware of her stepfathers capabilities. The nature of Law and Order Compared to real Victorian England the police in the stories come across as very laid back, in the red headed league they are fully aware of the happenings and still offer to make all of it disappear even though it is a very large investigation, and is very important. Although the police are satisfactory to the community, Holmes always seems to outsmart them, as it were, always get there first. But yet he is not a part of the police service, he isnt running a private service for money because he only asks for the expenses to be paid. this shows his devotion to the service and how he doesnt do it for the money. Transport and communications The transport in the stories is quite modern in some parts, in the speckled band, Helen stoner uses a train to reach Holmes, this shows that train run at all hours, because she was traveling at early hours of the morning. She also used a dog cart or horse and carriage. Communication was not really mentioned in the stories but telephones are mentioned a few times, this shows more than telegram communication is used . Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Personality Disorders Essay examples -- Papers

Personality Disorders Personality disorders indicate the presence of chronic rigid and maladjusted personality traits, through which the person's interpersonal or professional functioning is negatively affected, or which lead to personal unhappiness and problems (Louw, 1990). Discuss this statement from a biopsychosocial frame of reference and refer to one personality disorder in any cluster to illustrate your answer. The Biopsychosocial model: ========================== The biopsychosocial model (Engel, 1980, cited in Paris, 1993) suggests an integrated approach that understands psychopathology in terms of multiple causes, none of which is sufficient on its own for the development of the disorder. These factors could include biological vulnerability, the psychological impacts of life experiences and the influence of the social environment all of which may factor as risk variables or protective variables. The biopsychosocial model differs from more linear cause and effect approaches such as heredity in that it is only the cumulative interactive effects of the multiple variables can produce the overt disorder. Personality disorders ===================== Personality disorders are characterised by inflexible and longstanding maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment and subjective distress for the individual. The signs of a personality disorder display in adolescence or early adulthood. Individuals differ to the extent that they possess Personality traits and it may be difficult to decide whether the trait exists to an extent that can be considered pathol... ...tice, 10, (2), 161-165. Hayes, S. J. (2002, Mar) Acceptance, mindfulness and science. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, (1), 101-106. Klein, M.H. (1993, Spring). Issues in the assesment of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders. Supplement 1, 18-33. Morey, L.C. (1993, Spring). Psychological correlates of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, Supplement 1, 149-166. Paris, J. (1993). Personality disorders: A biopsychosocial model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 7(3), 255-264. Sue, D., Sue, D, W. & Sue, S. (2000). Understanding abnormal behaviour. (6th ed). USA: Houghton Mifflin Vincent, K.R. (1990). The relationship between personality disorders, normality and healthy personality: Personality on a continuum. Social Behavior and Personality, 18(2), 245-250.

Zheng He or Christopher Columbus?

who was the greatest explorer Christopher Columbus or Zheng He? Tristan Stanchfield A great explorer in my mind requires being a visionary thats willing to pursue his goal despite the challenges faced, supported by high risk undertakings where the winnings are all or nothing, set on the uncertain future with a non back looking persona. That, and if the outcome is great is what my judging is based on. Zheng He, originally named Ma He, was born into a Muslim family just beyond the borders of China (later Yunnan Province in the southwestern part of China) in 1371.In 1402, after Emperor Cheng Zu of the Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, he dispatched Zheng He and Wang Jinghong to lead a giant fleet to the Western Sea (today's Southeast Asia), carrying members of soldiers and large quantity of goods. The fleet reached the countries of Southeast Asia, east Africa and Arabia, initiating a feat in the history of navigation and regarded as an unprecedented great historical period in Chinese hi story of trade and cultural exchanges. He led his fleet to voyage to the Western Sea for seven times.The number of ships of his fleet was from 40 to 63 each time, taking many soldiers and sailors on the voyage, with a total party over 27,000 people. and also took with him ships almost four-hundred feet long. Explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, Italy. His first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life. (attacked by french privateers). In 1492, Columbus left Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Nina along side in search of a new trade route to Asia.Instead he sailed West and discovered America, and has been credited for the colonization of America also. in my opinion the greatest explorer was christopher columbus. this was because he was he founded America, and this took the high risk of sailing across the north atlantic ocean which he acomplished. Then he made several more voyages back and fourth fr om europe and America trading goods also at the same time creating colonies in the new world we live in today known as the United states of America. cites: iphone siri, http://www. biography. com/people/christopher-columbus-9254209, wikipedia. com.

Principles of developing adults Essay

Malcolm Knowles renowned for his work on adult learning (andragogy) identified the following principles of developing adults: * Adults need to be provided with a rationale as to why the learning is taking place * Adults need to be encouraged to be self-directive and responsible for their learning * Adults can fully contribute and participate in the learning process (collective wealth of experience enables them to do this) * Adults wish to learn if they can see a practical point to it * If adults believe the learning can enhance performance they will embrace the learning * Adults respond better to intrinsic motivators (increased knowledge and self-esteem) Preparing and designing learning and development events/interventions are vital in order to ensuring: * The development intervention has a clear purpose * Aims and objectives are clearly covered * The needs and learning styles of the learners are taken into account * Aims and objectives are integrated to organisational needs * The development intervention is motivating and engaging for individuals * There is active commitment from the participants to learning * That the resources and materials are complimentary to overall aims and objectives and ensure that the intervention is engaging and accessible * Sensitivity to all participants’ cultural, religious and other needs * An assessment of what has been developed is put in place * The interventions/outcomes are fully evaluated Clearly planned and designed events will help towards the advancement of: * Individual, team and organisational aims and objectives * Skills, knowledge and behaviours * Higher participant satisfaction with the intervention, which could encourage further engagement in the learning process * The likelihood that further development will be proposed However, no matter how effective the organisation of the event is and how much the promotional material tries to engage the learners, consideration needs to be taken into account of the organisational and individual barriers to learning when planning the process. Barriers (both organisational and individual) can include: * Lack of necessary resources and materials * Learning and development interventions previously not delivering on promises * Lack of positive communication and involvement to engage and motivate individuals of the benefits * Fear of learning and development * Fear of competence * Previous (negative) experiences of learning and development * Lack of foresight with regards to the benefits of learning and development * ‘We have tried this before and it did not work syndrome’ * ‘The learning does not fit in with my particular learning stylesnydrome’ * ‘Leave me alone, I am doing well syndrome’ The above should be taken seriously by organisations as these can have a negative impact on the organisation enhancing its skills, knowledge and behaviours and hence its overall performance. Continuous communication with staff, where they are actively involved in the design and preparation of the process can go some way to alleviating these difficulties. An effective performance management process that focuses on developing employee capabilities will provide a further mechanism for their input, whilst potentially increasing their confidence and abilities to involve themselves in the process. The active involvement of individuals may overcome many of the barriers, including negative previous experiences (probably in school) where learners may not have been treated like responsible adults (see information on adult learning below). There are a number of models and theories that can help identify how the needs of learners can be put into practice. * Instrumental learning theory – improving efficiency and effectiveness on the job once basic standards have been achieved * Cognitive learning theory – utilising information to acquire knowledge and put into context * Affective learning theory – development of attitudes and/or feelings to a particular area * Reinforcement theory – focus on behaviouralism in that the belief is that individuals can be conditioned and will change their behaviour based on a response to events or stimuli (e.g. a pay rise, threat of a warning * Social learning theory – enhancement of learning through social interaction and the sharing of knowledge, ideas and solutions * Experiential learning theory – more self-directed where individuals learn from their experience and importantly reflect on how they can develop and apply their learning further The type of learning is dependent on the context and the motivation and determination of the individual. Although an appreciation of learning theories is important to determine how people learn, an appreciation of different learning styles can enable organisations to undertake a more focused approach to developing L&D interventions. Kolb’s learning cycle – focuses on how individuals can utilise concrete experiences to help inform new developmental choices. To be truly effective, a learner should develop a mix of observation, reflection, direct involvement and analytical insight. Honey and Mumford Learning styles questionnaire – identified four distinct (although arguably mutually inclusive learning styles) that individuals may relate to in terms of preferences of learning. It is important for HR/L&D professionals to both identify how they adapt development to meet learners’ needs and enable individuals to explore learning methods they may not be totally comfortable with, yet will aid their total development. Bernice McCarthy’s 4MAT – identifies four styles of learning based on four questions/areas: (1) reasons for wanting to learn; (2) what learners like to know; (3) knowing how things work; (4) learners finding solutions for themselves. These will identify learners’ motivation for learning and how to design learning and development interventions to accommodate these. Bloom’s Domains for Learning – divides learning into three domains (categories): (1) Cognitive – knowledge/facts; (2) psychomotor – practical skills; (3) affective – attitudes/beliefs Sylvia Down’s MUD (memory, understanding and doing) – (1) memory – knowledge/facts; (2) understanding – concepts/abstract ideas; (3) doing – practical skills Legislative requirements In terms of preparing and designing, a number of key legislative requirements need to be taken into account, not only to adhere to the law, but more importantly to ensure a safe, comfortable environment is in place where people can flourish. Additionally, detailed record keeping could provide vital information for future decision making and performance enhancement. Key legislative requirements include: * Health and safety – ensuring a safe environment that is accessible for all * Equality legislation – ensuring accessibility and the reduction of discrimination * Data Protection – ensuring data is processed fairly, used only for a specific purpose and stored safely * Telecommunications and communication – particularly pertinent if delivery involves e-learning, blended and distance learning * Regulation – regulatory bodies may require detailed records to be kept for auditing purposes